Publications scientifiques
Philippe Gaubert
Autres affiliations : École Pratique des Hautes Études · Universidade do Porto · Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
Stéphane Peigné
Autres affiliations : Centre de recherche en paléontologie - Paris
Fabienne Justy
Autres affiliations : École Pratique des Hautes Études · Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier · Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
Agostinho Antunes* (Auteur correspondant)
Hao Meng
Autres affiliations : Center for Life Sciences
Lin Miao
Autres affiliations : Center for Life Sciences
Shu‐Jin Luo* (Auteur correspondant)
Autres affiliations : Center for Life Sciences
Emmanuel Danquah
Jayanthi Alahakoon
Erik Verheyen
Autres affiliations : Institute of Natural Sciences
William T. Stanley
Stephen J. O’Brien
Autres affiliations : Nova Southeastern University
Warren E. Johnson
Autres affiliations : National Zoological Park
Sylvain Dufour
Journal of Heredity
Pangolins, considered the most-trafficked mammals on Earth, are rapidly heading to extinction. Eight extant species of these African and Asian scale-bodied anteaters are commonly recognized, but their evolutionary relationships remain largely unexplored. Here, we present the most comprehensive phylogenetic assessment of pangolins, based on genetic variation of complete mitogenomes and 9 nuclear genes. We confirm deep divergence among Asian and African pangolins occurring not later than the Oligocene-Miocene boundary ca. 23 million years ago (Ma) (95% HPD = 18.7-27.2), limited fossil evidence suggesting dispersals from Europe. We recognize 3 genera including Manis (Asian pangolins), Smutsia (large African pangolins), and Phataginus (small African pangolins), which first diversified in the Middle-Upper Miocene (9.8-13.3 Ma) through a period of gradual cooling coinciding with a worldwide taxonomic diversification among mammals. Based on large mitogenomic distances among the 3 genera (18.3-22.8%) and numerous (18) morphological traits unique to Phataginus, we propose the subfamily Phatagininae subfam. nov. to designate small African pangolins. In contrast with the morphological-based literature, our results establish that the thick-tailed pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) is sister-species of the Sunda (Manis javanica) and Palawan (Manis culionensis) pangolins. Mitogenomic phylogenetic delineations supported additional pangolin species subdivisions (n = 13), including 6 African common pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) lineages, but these patterns were not fully supported by our multi-locus approach. Finally, we identified more than 5000 informative mitogenomic sites and diagnostic variation from 5 nuclear genes among all species and lineages of pangolins, providing an important resource for further research and for effectively tracing the worldwide pangolin trade.
